The Benefits and Risks of Mood Stabilizers for BPD

The Benefits and Risks of Mood Stabilizers for BPD BPD Treatment Print Using Mood Stabilizers for Treating BPD By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 21, 2019 Caiaimage/Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions Mood stabilizers for  borderline personality disorder (BPD)  can be effective in reducing BPD symptoms, particularly  emotion dysregulation  and impulsivity symptoms.  These  psychiatric pharmaceutical medications are increasingly prescribed for people with BPD, although  psychotherapy is still considered the most important form of treatment. Indication The term mood stabilizer is used to describe any medication that reduces the frequency of intense mood shifts, or lability. Types of Medication Different types of medications are prescribed as mood stabilizers for people with  BPD. Medications originally developed to treat seizures, called “anticonvulsants,” are commonly prescribed for their mood-stabilizing effects. Examples include: Tegretol, Equetro (carbamazepine)Lamictal (lamotrigine)Trileptal (oxcarbazepine)Topamax (topiramate)Depakote (valproic acid, divalproex sodium) Lithobid (lithium carbonate)  is an anticonvulsant mood stabilizer that has been a mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder for years.   Effectiveness Research is limited, but it does appear that  mood stabilizers can treat some BPD symptoms effectively.  The  most-studied  medication is lithium. Most of those studies focused on the treatment of impulsivity, but one study showed that lithium can be effective in treating BPD anger and irritation. Some studies hint that other anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may help treat mood and emotional symptoms in BPD, and a different type of medication, called atypical antipsychotics, offers an additional treatment option. Risks and Side Effects Risks and side effects of these medications can vary depending on the type of mood stabilizer youre taking. For example,  each anticonvulsant mood stabilizer has its own unique side effect profile. Lithium carbonate can cause gastrointestinal distress such as nausea and vomiting; weight gain; acne; tremors (shaking); and cognitive problems (for example, feeling that your thinking is slowed or fuzzy). Lithium can also affect your kidneys and thyroid gland, so blood tests are required to monitor their function while youre taking this medication. Lithium can also be very toxic in high doses, so it is less likely to be prescribed for people with BPD who are at risk for suicide. Other possible side effects with anticonvulsants include gastrointestinal complaints, weight gain, rashes, fatigue, and dizziness. In addition, some of these medications carry a risk of rare but serious side effects. For example, people taking carbamazepine must be monitored for the possible development of agranulocytosis, a rare condition marked by a significant decrease in white blood cells.   Toxicity is also a concern with certain anticonvulsant mood stabilizers for BPD. Questions to Ask Your Psychiatrist Talk to your psychiatrist about any concerns you have before you start taking a mood stabilizer for BPD. Make sure you understand the risks and side effects  as well as the reason(s) you are being prescribed a particular medication. Here are some questions you might want to ask: Which BPD symptoms do you expect this medication to affect?Are there particular risks or side effects I should watch for?How will this medication interact with other medications Im taking?How long will I need to take this medication before I start to notice its effects?How long do you think Ill need to be on this medication?

Three Propositions Of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 932 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Arbitrage opportunity arises if an investor can construct a zero investment portfolio with a zero profit, in other words, ability to make profit without any risk. Arbitrage Pricing Theory based on three main propositions. First, Security returns can be described by a factor model. Second, idiosyncratic risk can be diversified away. Third, Arbitrage opportunities are eventually diversified away.   This theory predicts a relationship between the returns of a  portfolio and the returns of a single asset through a linear combination of many independent macro-economic variables.1 In order to define how good the APT is, we need to look at how it work and how useful can it be. Roll and Ross (1995) stated that the actual return of a stock must follow the APT formula: R=E + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²f + e where E is equal to the expected return on the asset, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is equal to the assets sensitivity to a change in the systematic factor, f is the actual r eturn on the systematic factor, and e is the return on the unsystematic, idiosyncratic factors.2 The expected return = rf + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1*f1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2*f2 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦+ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²n*fn which rf is the risk free rate, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the sensitivity of the stock and f is the risk premium associated with each factor. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is the measure of the relationship between the sensitivity of returns and the unanticipated movements in the factors. The unanticipated returns are what determine the ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²s and their measurement is one of the important components of the APT approach. There are four main economic factors that are related to unanticipated returns on large portfolios, which are unanticipated changes in inflation, industrial production, risk premiums and the slope of the term structure of interest rate. Capital Asset Pricing Model is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return  and  which has been used in the pricing of risky securities.3 The risk premium on individual securities is E(ri) = rf + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i[ E(rm)-rf] which rf is the risk free rate, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i is the coefficient of the security relative to the market portfolio and rm is the market return. The APT and the CAPM are two of the most important theories on stock and asset pricing. CAPM is a dominant pricing model compare to APT. The APT and CAPM are similar as both of them gives us a standard criterion for rate of return that can be used in capital budgeting, security valuation, or investment performance evaluation. However, they are different in some point as APT is less restrictive in the assumptions. It allows the investor to develop their model of expected return for an asset. In the CAPM theory, the expected return on a stock is described by the movement of that stock relative to the stock market4 and the only factor that should be considered is the risk of the stock relative to the entire stock market. Test of the single-index model that account for human capital and cyclical variations in asset betas are far more consistent with the single-index APT. These tests suggest that macroeconomic variables are not necessary to explain expected returns. Moreover, anomalies such as effects of size and book-to-market ratios disappear once these variables are accounted for. According to Fama and French 1996, the multifactor APT is refined theories of how exposure to systematic risk factors would have influence expected returns, but it provide little guidance regarding which factors such as sources of risk, ought to result in risk premiums.5 According to the APT, only a few systematic factors will affect the long term average returns of financial assets and it focuses on the main forces that move aggregates of assets in large portfolio. In Chen, Roll and Ross (1986), the paper is about economic forces and the stock market which has explored a set of systematic economic state variables that has influences on stock market returns and has examined their influence on asset pricing.6 Asset prices that describe the economy should depend on how visible they are to the state variables. Stock returns are visible to regular economic news in which they are priced according to their visibility, and that the news can be measured as innovations in state variables which the proofing can be done through simple financial theory. The APT highlights the crucial distinction between non-diversifiable risk also as known as factor risk, that requires a reward in the form of a risk premium and diversifiable risk that does not. It is an extremely appealing model as it depends on the assumption that a rational equilibrium in capital markets precludes arbitrage opportunities. A violation of the APTs pricing relationships will cause extremely strong pressure to restore them even if only a limited number of investors become aware of the disequilibrium. Moreover, the APT yields an expected return-beta relationship using a well-diversified portfolio, in other words, it choose an appropriate degree of exposure to the major economic risks that influence both asset returns and organizations which practically can be constructed from a large number of securities.5 For these stated reasons, APT can somehow be defined as a good asset pricing model. However, the APT implies that the expected return-beta relationship holds for all but perhaps a small number of securities. Because it focuses on the no-arbitrage condition, without the further assumptions of the market or index model, the APT cannot rule out a violation of the expected return-beta relationship for any particular asset. For this reason, CAPM has a dominant role in todays financial market rather than the APT, which shows APT, is a good model but not a perfect model for asset pricing as it is not as good as the CAPM. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Three Propositions Of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

My Natural Characteristics Of The Management Consulting...

Learning becomes an essential aspect of an individual’s way of life, as there is nothing greater than knowledge being inculcate through the process of learning. As rightly quoted by:.. Being a part of the management consulting module instilled in me an in-depth understanding to be an effective consultant that could relate, analyse and apply specialist skills in helping the organisations achieve their purpose and objectives by solving management and business problems ultimately seizing new opportunities, enhancing learning and implementing changes for the future. Highlighting my natural characteristics of being a logical thinker and operational planner, the assigned summer project would strengthen and amplify my knowledge and understanding of wider issues surrounding the business and industry, moreover it would make me responsive to the ramification of future trends in the market environment. For this reason I was looking forward to working as a team on project Formica, which i s world’s ubiquitous and leading brand in high pressure laminates (HPL) and surfacing solutions. Our Team of five comprised of analytical skills and expertise in different domains that was formed with core objective of analyzing the problem through a diverse and integrated approach so as to facilitate the process, ensuring a well balance solution that could potentially minimizes the laborious barrier that the client encounters and propose recommendations that could be implemented. When project FormicaShow MoreRelatedEssay Leading Quietly1678 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral books and articles on leadership and management. I have also participated in a few leadership training/education modules offered through my employers. There are many theories on what makes an effective or quiet leader. 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Multi-User Dungeons Free Essays

This lengthy article on avatars in Multi-User Dungeons (MUD) was informative and useful, though hard for the novice gamer to digest in one sitting. Literature attests to the gaming community using computers as tools to communicate and to link together friendships and partnerships. However, the article points out there is a danger of the gamer becoming overly involved in the community, and to remember that words on a forum/discussion board screen etc does not equate to an entity that reflects a physical community. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-User Dungeons or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree that there are differences and these need to be borne in mind during the gaming experience, however I find Rhiengold ignores the inherent similarities of virtual and physical communities with regard to their psychological processes (Agress, Edberg, Igbaria, 1998). The article reviews MUD as a dynamic and â€Å"wild side† to the Internet. Rheingold contends that real magic exists here and that a person’s identity is characterized by its fluidity. The imaginary worlds created with huge computer databases of programming languages deliver melodramas and satires, puzzles, education, leisure time and competition. With respect to the article’s description of MUD communities Rheingold is somewhat over-exuberant in listing virtues of MUDs. There is an emphasis on fantasy, power, dominance, sexual prowess and violent injury or death. The goals as presented by Rheingold are economic dominance, fame and social power. Another criticism of the article is that it is not structured soundly. The history of MUD communities begins a page or so into the article. The piece then abruptly jumps to describing potential empirical functions of MUDs; such as observing them as â€Å"living laboratories for studying the first-level impacts of virtual communities†. Rheingold does not attempt to outline how such research could be undertaken, what would be measured or how participants would be ensured of informed consent. Numerous ethical dilemmas are obvious when considering the use of MUD communities as settings for collecting social and/or psychological data. Unlike the physical environment, MUDs are not â€Å"natural† and field research designs would need to be modified to maintain ethical standards and empirical rigor. Rheingold also suggests that the MUD environments could be used a research environment for evaluation of second-level effect of virtual communities on physical world relationships, such as with family, personal relationships, friendships etc. Interestingly, Rheingold points out that fundamental issue for the western culture are called into question with MUDs, social norms, values and expectations are adapting to the virtual (pun intended) anonymity the Internet can provide. He makes a good point that this in an important issue for a community where many relationships are mediated by technology. Unfortunately, the article has several disjointed jumps, with Rheingold distributing MUD history throughout the piece. He explores the idea of gaming being an addiction, due to several MUDders admitting to spending most of their waking hours immersed in virtual worlds. The concept of MUD community addiction is presented in the article as a â€Å"communication addiction† that needs to be experienced to be understood according to MIT’s Media Lab Associate Professor Amy Bruckman; How do we feel about tens of thousands of college students spending their time and government-sponsored resources to chase virtual dragons? To answer this question, you have to dive in and explore assumptions about what is a meaningful way to spend one’s time. What are the value judgments implicit in various answers to that question? † Rheingold suggests that the first step is to investigate the fascination some gamers have with MUDding, to determine how obsession develops. Identifying unique features of the medium that engage a gamer psychologically and that meets a person’s needs and expectations would inform about fascination. He further states changing conceptualization about what is identity is the underlying cause as to how fascination develops into a dysfunctional obsession. Hence, to Rheingold, MUD communities are an extension of ongoing cognitive changes brought about by innovation, technological advancements and adaption of symbols to suit a communication-saturated society. MUD environments have allowed dissolving of social boundaries associated with time and space, as well as boundaries of identity. A gamer can pretend to be another; they can pretend to be many other people simultaneously. It appears to Rheingold that depersonalized modes of communication allow some people to be much more personal with each other as compared to a relationship in the physical world. However, he questions the authenticity of the human relationship within the cyber context, given the masking of the person and the distancing that the medium can provide. In this way he states that MUDding is not real life. However, he does not explore the potential for MUD to become a person’s life, which from a constructivist point of view, would make the virtual a â€Å"real world† given that a person is seen as constructing their own reality (Riddings Gefen, 2004). Overall, Rheingold focuses on issues of identity for the MUDder. One of the first activities that a person does when entering a MUD environment is to create an identity. They describe their character for others who inhabit or visit the MUD. It is through the creation of their identity, states Rheingold that the MUD community develops, grows, changes and maintains coherence for its members. It is the roles each gamer plays, points out Rheingold, that guides the socio-cultural value system of the community; †¦the roles give people new stages on which to exercise new identities, and their new identities affirm the reality of the scenario. The fluidity of identity is enabled by the participants being able to communicate using a number of public and private channel options; ? private e-mail ? person-to-person chat ? person-to-person chat ? â€Å"say,† â€Å"whisper,† and â€Å"pose† to anybody else in the same room ? form of group chat that uses the boundaries of metaphorical rooms as social boundaries ? turn on or off special-interest CB channels for other semipublic conversations across different parts of the MUD Poses and words are used to communicate meaning in the MUD environment. Rheingold describes the use of pose as useful though disembodied non-verbal language. Another word for posing is â€Å"emoting† and provides an added dimension to communication not possible in the physical world. For example, â€Å"[Instead] of leaving the room, you can disappear in a cloud of iridescent, bubble-gum-flavored bubbles†. Rheingold comments that first feelings of artificiality when posing soon disperse when one becomes aware of the added control they have over the ambience of the conversation. Posing can provide contextual cues to that are not available through words on a screen alone. The added advantage of having creative powers within the MUD environment takes the experience beyond that of conferencing and or chat sites, â€Å"such as magic carpets that transport their owners to secret parts of the kingdom†. Other characters are able to steal or gain power of objects and avatars of others. As such, the social construction of valuing items and characters is similar in process to that which occurs in the creation of value systems in physical communities. Similarly, the social goal of power, over others and the material world, is a social concept that continues to be maintained in the virual world. Rheingold ignores this salient feature of consistency in what makes a community. In this way, MUD environment’s can be considered â€Å"real† as they are experienced by individuals, and they do lead to the construction of social institutions, rules and common goals mediated by a culturally-dependant language. The MUD culture is framed by the technology through which it is made visible and allows interaction, and also, by the physical world from which its computer hardware and software, and persons social rules came from. Much like Russian dolls, worlds within worlds. Navigation of the MUD community provides a learning experience for each character and they learn their roles to play. Gender roles are a dominant determinant of social placement and social expectations within the physical world. So too in the world of MUD. For example, tiny. sex and net. sleazing are techniques used predominantly by male characters to seduce female newbies into cybersex that is recorded and distributed across the globe via the Internet. As such, gender stereotypes remain within the virtual world, and women tend to be viewed as inferior, gullible and unworthy of treatment as equals. Despite social thought advances in the 21st century, the physical world continues to exist within a patriarchial system that creates power struggles between dichotomies. The MUD communities do little to challenge the status quo of inequality with regard to gender, and in many ways (due to its anonymity) increase opportunities for people to act out anti-social behaviors. It must be kept in mind that these behavioral choices are grounded in physical world cultures, so that Rheingold’s claim that MUD communities are unlike the â€Å"real world† in terms of social interactions is poorly supported. In conclusion, Rheingold delivers an indepth subjective critique of MUD communities. The critical review before you has evaluated Rheingold’s interpretation and communication of the relevance and function of MUDs. Evidently, MUDding is an important psychological and social activity or â€Å"way-of-being† for many people, both female and male. This has sparked much debate in terms of addiction theories, gender issues and perhaps most importantly, ones sense of identity. This paper has demonstrated that MUD communities have the potential to be research environments if ethical criteria can be met, and that in terms of social processes virtual communities have many similarities to those of the physical world from which they emerged. References Agres, C. , Edberg, D. Igbaria, M. (1998) Transformation to Virtual Societies: Forces and Issues. The Information Society 14(2), 71-82. Rhiengold, H. (n. d. ) The Virtual Community. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://www. rheingold. com/vc/book/5. html Riddings, C. M. Gefen, D. (2004) Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://jcmc. indiana. edu/vol10/issue1/ridings_gefen. html How to cite Multi-User Dungeons, Papers

Making Capital Investment Decisions

Question: Examine and discuss the characteristics of NPV and the role that this method plays in capital investment decision making. Discuss the advantages of using this method instead of the other evaluation methods? Answer: Net Present Value is considered as the present value in context to future cash outflows and inflows. It is used usually in capital budgeting in order to study the profitability or success of any investment or project. Therefore, it largely used by the organizations to make budgeting decisions so that they can gain profit in future. Moreover, the NPV helps the organizations in predicting the future losses or profit from any particular project or investment (Baldwin and Clark, 1991). On the other hand, it is explained as the variation between present value of cash outflow and cash inflows. Moreover, the discounted cash flow method is used for the valuation of net present value so that cash flow value of project can be known (Bierman and Bierman, 1988). Apart from that, if Net Present Value is positive then it shows a positive sign for the company and adds value to them and if the NPV is negative then the industry should not make decision to make an investment in that particular project (Burger and Hawkesworth, 2013). Therefore, if the NPV is higher than the investor can plan to make investment. If It means Then NPV greater than zero The investment will add value to the industry The project can be accepted NPV less than zero The investment will decrease the value of the industry The project can be eliminated or rejected NPV equal to zero The investment will neither generate income nor loss The investor can make decision relying on strategic positioning or on the basis of other factors. The NPV can be better understood from an example, Year Cash Inflow Discount Factor (10%) Present Value of Cash Flow 1 3400 .909 3090.6 2 4000 .826 3304 3 6000 .751 4506 4 2100 .683 1434 Total 12335 Initial Investment 8000 Net Present Value 4335 Therefore, it can be understood that project can be accepted as it shows positive value above the initial investment value. The Net Present Value is effective as it helps in making comparisons of multiple numbers of potential investments. Therefore, the investor can take decision whether to make investment or not (Clark, Hindelang and Pritchard, 1979). Moreover, time value of money is accounted by net present value. Further, the future revenue can be converted by NPV to current dollars which assist the company to quantify the value of the project (Montier, 2010). Apart from that, Net Present value has advantage over other investment appraisal techniques such as payback period and accounting rate of return. These techniques do not consider the discount future cash flows but it is taken in account under NPV. On the other hand, if a certain investment has non-normal cash flows then NPV is a better option than IRR (Pratt and Grabowski, 2010). The non-normal cash flow arises when there is huge cash outflow at the end of any investment. Therefore, IRR cannot be applied. Moreover, in case of evaluation of mutually exclusive projects then Net Present Value is viable option than IRR method (Sinclair, 2010). On the other side, NPV provides more realistic reinvestment rate predictions than other appraisal techniques. Moreover, the NPV provides best indicator regarding shareholder wealth and profitability and provide best decision basis (Clark, Hindelang and Pritchard, 1979). References Baldwin, C. and Clark, K. (1991). Capabilities and capital investment. [Boston]: Division of Research, Harvard Business School. Bierman, H. and Bierman, H. (1988). Implementing capital budgeting techniques. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co. Burger, P. and Hawkesworth, I. (2013). Capital budgeting and procurement practices. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 13(1), pp.57-104. Clark, J., Hindelang, T. and Pritchard, R. (1979). Capital budgeting. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Montier, J. (2010). Value Investing. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Pratt, S. and Grabowski, R. (2010). Cost of capital. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sinclair, D. (2010). Capital budgeting decisions using the discounted cash flow method. Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth, 57(7), pp.704-705.

The Giver (synopsis of main character) Essay Example For Students

The Giver (synopsis of main character) Essay The Giver Main Character Jonas, the main character in The Giver by Lois Lowry, is a very strong person, which allows him to go farther in life then the people that surround him. Throughout Jonass life he has known nothing but ;sameness;. He lives in a Utopian community where there are no choices and everyone in his world has their lives laid out for them. But, Jonas is given the job of ;Receiver of Memory;. He alone knows the truths of the world, a world with colors, pain, and choices. We will write a custom essay on The Giver (synopsis of main character) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now What he does with these truths will bring obstacles to his life that will show the readers not only his strengths but his weaknesses as well. Jonas is made to bear the truths of the world alone and is troubled by what he should do with it. Jonas at first doesnt want the memories because after receiving several of them, all that Jonas has known is being questioned and his world turned upside down. He is angry and afraid after receiving his first set of memories. Angry because of what has been kept from him and afraid because now he doesnt know what to do. Jonas is uncertain whether the world he learns of is best for his community and if people can be trusted to make decisions on their own. In a conversation to The Giver (person passing down the memories) about whether or not it is safe to allow people to make their own choices, Jonas say, What if they are allowed to choose their own mate? And chose wrong? . . . We really have to protect people from wrong choices. But, by the end of that conversation he is uncertain about his feelings and about many other things. Jonas is confused because he doesnt know what he should do about it or if he should do anything at all. Jonas finally decides to change the world (at least the one he knows of), but he faces many obstacles trying to do so. Jonas speaks to the Giver about giving memories to the community . He wants to share them with everyone and change the way the community works. He wants to give them choices and show them that there are differences. The Giver says the only way the community will receive them is if Jonas goes to the beyond and loses his connection to them. Then and only then will the memories be released. Meaning Jonas must leave all his family and friends and go out into the unknown. Jonas is willing to take that chance, only for the sake of the new child in his family, Gabriel, whom he desperately wants to save. Jonas decides to go even though it means leaving his world behind for a new world he knows nothing about. Through Jonass problems the reader is able to see his weaknesses and strengths. Jonass only evident weakness is ignorance. Even though Jonas is given all the knowledge of the world he is still unsure about everything. At first he doesnt realize the magnitude of importance his job has. He doesnt grasp the idea that whatever he decides to do with his knowledge with change the community forever. He takes on his work and the decisions he makes lightly without considering the effects that he wHI have on others. At many times he is selfish because he doesnt have experience in making choices and doesnt realize how much his choices can and who effect others. Jonass main strength is that he is very strong in mind. His world has been changed forever and all he ever thought was true is wrong, but throughout this he has remained strong. .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .postImageUrl , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:hover , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:visited , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:active { border:0!important; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:active , .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863 .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uedc4fcf93959c76f6310569304c01863:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hobby and Sport Essay For a mere 12-year-old Chad, Jonas has shown strengths that most adults never possess. He has the strength to endure the pain and suffering he is forced to deal with and the strength to do something about it. Jonass ignorance and strength are evident when the Giver gives him the memories. Jonass efforts are successful in some ways. He does manage to leave the community and is strong enough to carry on throughout his adventure into the unknown. Lowry never states whether his old community has .

Cobalt Facts and Physical Properties

Cobalt Facts and Physical Properties Atomic Number: 27 Symbol: Co Atomic Weight: 58.9332 Discovery: George Brandt, circa 1735, maybe 1739 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d7 Word Origin: German Kobald: evil spirit or goblin; Greek cobalos: mine Isotopes: Twenty-six isotopes of cobalt ranging from Co-50 to Co-75. Co-59 is the only stable isotope. Properties Cobalt has a melting point of 1495Â °C, boiling point of 2870Â °C, specific gravity of 8.9 (20Â °C), with a valence of 2 or 3. Cobalt is a hard, brittle metal. It is similar in appearance to iron and nickel. Cobalt has a magnetic permeability around 2/3 that of iron. Cobalt is found as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The b-form is dominant at temperatures under 400Â °C, while the a-form predominates at higher temperatures. Uses Cobalt forms many useful alloys. It is alloyed with iron, nickel, and other metals to form Alnico, an alloy with exceptional magnetic strength. Cobalt, chromium, and tungsten may be alloyed to form Stellite, which is used for high-temperature, high-speed cutting tools and dies. Cobalt is used in magnet steels and stainless steels. It is used in electroplating because of its hardness and resistance to oxidation. Cobalt salts are used to impart permanent brilliant blue colors to glass, pottery, enamels, tiles, and porcelain. Cobalt is used to make Sevres and Thenards blue. A cobalt chloride solution is used to make a sympathetic ink. Cobalt is essential for nutrition in many animals. Cobalt-60 is an important gamma source, tracer, and radiotherapeutic agent. Sources: Cobalt is found in the minerals cobaltite, erythrite, and smaltite. It is commonly associated with ores of iron, nickel, silver, lead, and copper. Cobalt is also found in meteorites. Element Classification: Transition Metal Cobalt Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.9 Melting Point (K): 1768 Boiling Point (K): 3143 Appearance: Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal Atomic Radius (pm): 125 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 6.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 116 Ionic Radius: 63 (3e) 72 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.456 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 15.48 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 389.1 Debye Temperature (K): 385.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.88 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 758.1 Oxidation States: 3, 2, 0, -1 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.510 CAS Registry Number: 7440-48-4 Cobalt Trivia Cobalt derived its name from German miners. They named cobalt ore after mischievous spirits called kobalds. Cobalt ores commonly contain the useful metals copper and nickel. The problem with cobalt ore is it usually contains arsenic as well. Attempts to smelt the copper and nickel typically failed and would often produce toxic arsenic oxide gases.The brilliant blue color cobalt gives to glass was originally attributed to bismuth. Bismuth is often found with cobalt. Cobalt was isolated by Swedish chemist, Georg Brandt who proved the coloring was due to cobalt.The isotope Co-60 is a strong gamma radiation source. It is used to sterilize food and medical supplies as well as radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer.Cobalt is a central atom in vitamin B-12.Cobalt is ferromagnetic. Cobalt magnets stay magnetic to the highest temperature of any other magnetic element.Cobalt has six oxidation states: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The most common oxidation states are 2 and 3.The oldest cobalt col ored glass was found in Egypt dated between 1550-1292 B.C. Cobalt has an abundance of 25 mg/kg (or parts per million) in the Earths crust.Cobalt has an abundance of 2 x 10-5 mg/L in sea water.Cobalt is used in alloys to increase temperature stability and decrease corrosion. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010) Return to the Periodic Table